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Chimpanzees – Towards Human Rights and its

August 28th, 2011 | Author: Baroll

Cover Meter ConcreteChimpanzees – Towards Human Rights and its

As scientists collect data, chimpanzees are similar to humans. They are sentient beings, aware of the cognitive abilities and a strong proven ability to communicate, reason, express emotions, adapt, and even to manipulate and deceive. With the genetic material of 98.5% identical to that of humans, chimpanzees are more similar to those of gorillas. Therefore, there are serious ethical implications of chimpanzees in captivity and their use in laboratory experiments. It is less than onereview of chimpanzees:

Chimpanzees live in areas that include 21 African countries that include grasslands, savannas and dry tropical forests. They often live in communities 20 to 100 members. Two existing species of chimpanzees – the common chimpanzee (which has four subspecies) and the bonobo (also known as "pygmy chimpanzees") The first is maintained on a diet of fruit and meat, second only to fruit. Its half-life is between 40-50 years. Chimpanzees arecurrently listed as threatened mainly by deforestation and poaching.

I. brain size / structure / Nervous System

The chimps have a brain and nervous system comparable to that of a human being. They learn quickly, have the ability to produce creative responses, expressing their emotions (through sounds, gestures and facial expressions), the influence of their environment, and to share the experience of pain quality in spite of the cerebral cortex, is about 1 / 3 the size of thathumans.

Chimpanzee brain weighs an average of 437 g compared to 1.3 kg for the average man. By comparing brain size to body size – the encephalization quotient (EQ), the brains of chimpanzees that receives an average of 2.49 (7.44 and 5.31 the third equalization to be half human and the dolphin, the monkey is to fourth place in 2.09). This indicates a high level of cognitive ability.

Humans and chimpanzees engage in the same sleep patterns. This includes the stages of rapid eye movement (REM)sleep, indicating it is likely to be able to dream.

II. Social Environment:

Chimpanzees are very social compatible with humans, other primates, dolphins and other creatures of great intelligence.

They spend the same amount of time on the ground and in trees (where they build nests to sleep, even if some of savanna chimpanzees in Senegal's southern Fongoli spend time in caves) and move from one territory in search of food. Although typicalthe community can count on 100, the chimpanzees often spend time in small parties, mothers and their dependent children, but refuse to be separated. Each family of chimpanzees (in which individuals have strong ties) is led by a dominant or alpha male (bonobos, but they are headed by women) that leads to hunting, territorial protection, and war. Each community is hierarchical in nature, where the strength and intelligence to achieve greater respect. Women are the only sex that move freely betweencommunity.

Chimpanzees prefer to enjoy the benefits of sharing with a partner. A study by Alicia Melis Ngamba Island Chimpanzee Sanctuary in Uganda altruism is documented in the "under construction" in humans Helen Briggs (BBC News, March 3, 2006) found that chimpanzees recognize and appreciate the importance of collaboration. When cooperation was necessary in an experiment that requires simultaneously pulling on both ends of a rope with a tray of food, the chimpanzees always chosenideal partner in terms of Melis' has a level of understanding [view] people. "

Within their communities, chimpanzees maintain complex social networks, where the touch, the preparation (creating calm and strengthen the friendship), covering the key aspects in maintaining cohesion. The game is also an important part of the life of a chimp, especially when they are young.

Chimpanzees are among the few species that teach skills for youth and culture(What is transferred between the communities of the women's movement between groups). Age chimpanzees 6 to 8 years (mostly taught by their mothers) spend much of their time learning social skills, community culture, and tools that make it through the practice of observation, imitation and repetition. At the same time, however, studies of recent studies show that humans and apes have in common – and not (Anne Casselman Smithsonian.com, October 11, 2007)indicate "human children have more sophisticated skills … looking for another solution to imitate, non-verbal communication problems and reading the intentions [of] others."

The normal pregnancy lasts 8 months chimpanzees. Young chimpanzees are weaned from their mother three years, and reach puberty later than three years without. For chimpanzees, puberty lasts three years.

When it comes to treatment of their dead, chimpanzees tend to make frequent visits to see andweeping over the corpse. Then cover it with leaves and branches before continuing.

III. Multimodal Sensory Perception:

Chimpanzees and humans use the five senses (sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch) perceiving the world around them. The sight and smell, two critics used by chimpanzees are discussed below.

Morphological and anatomical structure of the eyes of a chimpanzee is similar to that of humans. The same view is similar. AsTherefore, unlike many non-primate mammals that dicromats (his color vision is based on two colors), primates (including chimpanzees and humans) are three colors. When the retinal nerve capture the light, the brain uses three fixed wavelengths / colors to create a rich and colorful. As a result of the eye structure similar morphological and anatomical and visual chimpanzees can suffer from some deficiencies that humans (as Lucky, a male chimpanzeeJapan suffers from color blindness).

Chimpanzees have an excellent sense of smell, which plays a critical role in their social interactions. Part of the face recognition, chimpanzees use smell to identify each other and improve their understanding of another state of mind, as each emits a characteristic smell, on the basis of pheromones that can be found in faeces, urine and secretions of glands.

Apart from the sight and smell, chimpanzees have the audience (with a similar publicrange of human beings) and to a lesser extent, touch and taste. It should be noted that chimpanzees, like humans, if a choice, they prefer sweets.

IV. Pattern Recognition:

Studies have demonstrated chimpanzees and humans are "more sensitive to deformation concave (important for the construction of objects in three dimensions), the convex deformation". Also performed mentally process the forms and objects in two dimensions as well as humans [1].

Based on this similarity and similarstructure of the eyes and visual processing abilities, it is likely that the chimpanzees may reflect the simple and complex shapes. More research, however, should be done in this area.

V. Mirror self-recognition (MSR):

The ability to have sensitivity / awareness of self (the thought of yourself physically and mentally) shows a high level of complexity of abstract thought rare in animals. Chimpanzees have this sense of themselves and are capable of symbolic thought.

Studies havechimpanzees can recognize shown in the mirror and recognize their behavior and body. In tests of SRM chimpanzees have shown that selective attention (which can take care of themselves in a mirror, aware that they themselves, rather than seeing another animal). When the chimpanzees were marked with red ink is nontoxic and odorless an eyebrow and ear on the opposite side, were a mirror and carefully examined the marks on their bodies. Scientific evidence also indicates thatchimpanzees and other primates are to some extent, the "theory of mind of others", recognizing the people have their beliefs. It 'also very likely that chimpanzees and dolphins and humans can discern the difference between reality and television.

VI. Language / Communication and emotions:

Although chimpanzees do not have vocal cords, the ability to speak and make a sound for each subject, as humans, communicate with sounds (barking, for example, cries, screams,etc.), facial expressions (which require great attention to details or see more than one aspect of a facial expression so that the nuances of meaning that are not always obvious, are interpreted correctly), postures and gestures (hands, feet and legs). Although most of the sounds of chimpanzees are related to a specific emotion, some may be associated with more emotion. In addition, each of the chimpanzees, for reasons of identification, has its own separate requests with compatiblehumans and dolphins are their distinctive voices and sounds, respectively.

Chimpanzees use intentional communication to meet individual and group and share their feelings, which are an essential part of their social behavior. Some communication behaviors are passed from generation to generation.

A brief summary of the emotions of chimpanzees and many of its associated sounds are:

1. Anger: Waa (bark)
2. Anguish: Hoo
3. The enjoyment of any physical contact:Right lip
4. Food Fun: Aah
5. Pleasure / excitement: pants (pitch)
6. Fear: Wraa or Pant (Bark)
7. Hostility Screaming

A brief summary of the emotions of chimpanzees and their facial expressions are also associated with the following:

1. Aggression: showing his teeth in an open mouth with the erection of facial hair
2. Fear / anxiety: show your teeth with your lips forth horizontally
3. Intense fear: smile
4. Fun: the mouth slightly open in a relaxedposition
5. Faneca / Request: lips pursed, as if with a kiss
6. Quote: lips Horizontal

Chimpanzees to communicate "what" "where" and "who", but the past or the future. Disclosure is based on the present moment. However, Deborah Fouts, co-director of the Chimpanzee and Human Communication Institute reported Brandon Keim Chimps: people are not human, but not? (Wired Science, October 14, 2008), "I do not remember the past [and may]understand the concept that something will happen next. "

Chimpanzees are able to understand American Sign Language (ASL) can learn associations between gestures and symbols, sounds and objects without specific reinforcement or direct intervention. In 1970, Washoe, the chimpanzee, followed by four other chimps learned the signs + 100. Currently, Washoe can use up to 240 signs and even taught his adopted son ASL without human intervention.

Another womanchimpanzee, Lucy, has also recognized that the word order is important when your coach to sign tickled rather than their application to tickle. However, it is unlikely that chimpanzees can conceptualize virtual reality with sounds and symbols that people do.

However, Valerie A. Kuhlmeier and Sarah T. Boysen, chimpanzees recognize spatial and object correspondences between a model and its referent (the journal Psychological Science, Vol. 13, Number 1, March 19, 2002), chimpanzees, likeyoung children, "are sensitive both object and space trade-off between a model and its referent (a person or thing to which a linguistic expression (Word, for example, the symbol) refers)."

Facial recognition is another important aspect of communication. According to humans, chimpanzees have facial recognition species-specific, easier to distinguish the species faces chimpanzees. However, the baby chimpanzee, who receive a significant exposure tohuman faces are better discriminate between human faces. By Julie Martin Kazunori Malivel and recognition of human faces in chimpanzees and chimpanzees Okada:. Role of exposure and impact on categorical perception (Psycnet, American Psychological Association, December 2007) "The exhibition is an important factor for facial recognition and even nonconspecific same species, the development of young chimpanzees face recognition (Masako Myowa-Yamakoshi, et. al. Science Direct. December 202005), baby chimpanzee, according to human infants, prefer to study models of models of the face versus non-facial, and developed during the early days.

Chimpanzees are generally creatures of love that show emotions towards their own and other species. Show concern for the sick or wounded members, mourning the death (to the point that a healthy young man died of a heart attack a few weeks after the death of his mother), show emotions and the joy of reading andfear and anxiety. According to humans, chimpanzees have emotions that are of short duration and moods that can last longer. In addition, studies show baby chimps have the same range of emotions, human infants, but best when it comes to weep uncontrollably. Chimpanzees do not seem to have human emotions is anger.

VII. Memory:

Chimpanzees have an excellent memory systems. You may remember faces, numbers and symbols, and learnspecific behaviors that may lead to negative experiences or rewarding.

According to humans, chimpanzees, to better preserve the memory of events that trigger the emotions that those who are neutral.

Chimpanzees also have a great memory that chimpanzees mental map of the fruit trees (Matt Walker, BBC News, August 6, 2009) allows them to remember the exact location of "a tree of more than 12,000 others of a piece of wood ". Chimpanzees remember the forestthe location of fruit trees (Emmanuelle Normant, Dagu Ban Simon, and Christophe Boesch, cognition, animal, 31 May 2009), for example, spatial memory "allows [chimpanzees] to remember the location of many resources and use these information resources to choose the most attractive. "

In addition, chimpanzees can also make plans (soon to discredit the thoughts that only humans are capable of planning ahead of them). Since 1997, Santino, a male chimpanzee at the zoo north of Stockholm, Sweden, and peacestocks has created a series of stones to throw at the audience of the future ", exhibition of domination." More impressive, they also found a way to identify and break small pieces of concrete on its premises to add to his cache.

VIII. Tools and Troubleshooting:

Chimpanzees and other primates are effective tools for users with products (eg, chimpanzees use the spear to hunt and kill Fongoli savannah galagos (a primate night), the chimpanzees in the Congo with a kit consisting of fine"The tip of the brush" sticks and shovels to "fish" termites, and the big clubs that open the hives to get honey, Mount Nimba (Guinea) helicopter chimpanzees use wood in a corner of the stabilization and stone anvils break the fruit and cut Treculia, all crinkled like sponges that absorb water from the tree holes). In fact, we have used the tools over 4300 years based on the discovery of stone tools (similar in size and dimension of the tools used today bychimpanzees) that is used to break the nuts (like species consumed by modern chimpanzees) in the Tai National Park, Côte d'Ivoire. In addition, sick or injured chimps, often rely on herbal tea as a remedy for healing and / or to relieve the pain and suffering.

Analogous to the use of the instrument, chimpanzees can also think and solve problems. Through the use of abstract reasoning, which, as human beings can solve their problems without training (eg, selection bananas are beyond the scope oflogical intentional).

When it comes to mathematics, in particular to remember the numbers, the young chimps outperformed students (where the number remained on screen for a second second for.4 versus.7 when both were comparable) and British champion Ben Pridmore memory. Based on that I am the champion! Ape overwrites the best in the human world in memory competition (Fiona Macrae, Mail Online, January 26, 2008), male chimpanzees Amyumu seven years in Japan carried out three timesPridmore and when he tried to remember the location of numbers on a computer screen.

IX. Art and Culture:

When given the right tools (such as paint, brushes and canvas) as chimpanzees have the talent to be an artist whose abstract paintings rival the excellent teachers. Congo (1954-1964), a male chimpanzee painting more than 400 abstracts from the age of 2 to 4 years, after picking up a pencil and draw a line without sting humans. At an auction in 2005, three ofPaintings from Congo to 14,400 pounds, while a painting by Andy Warhol (1928-1987) and a small sculpture by French master Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841-1919) has attracted enough and retired. [2] From Congo, the chimpanzees were followed by equally impressive production of works (for example, a female chimpanzee, Melody, creates paintings that sell for $ 1,000 for individuals and $ 7500 for a remarkable three years old and flyers female chimpanzees, Asuka, and has created 90paintings, some of which have been exhibited in galleries in Tokyo).

Chimpanzees have an innate ability to perceive and appreciate music. Based on scientific studies related infant chimpanzees (reported by BBC July 30, 2009), which, like humans, prefer consonant to the dissonant music. In addition, when music was played to encourage the chimpanzees at the zoo in Mysore in southern India, who had previously conducted in a circus, the dance has been observed.

Chimpanzees alsopreferences for television. By Kate Baker, coordinator of enrichment, Yerkes Regional Primate Center, Atlanta, GA, as reported in the lab chimps face hazy future useless (David Berreby, the New York Times, February 4, 1997), National Geographic enjoy viewing in chimps and the 'use of tools and support programs for people.

X Altruism / moral

Chimpanzees and other apes have a sense of morality and justice, despite the barbaric acts during combat.For the monkeys right from wrong, say scientists (Daily Mail Report, February 15, 2009) that "the unselfish support and sympathy with pets in times of trouble, [and] still seem to be aware of and ability to feel a sense of duty. "According to the, empathy and altruism female chimp a mirror of human behavior, play an essential role to mediate conflicts if two men who fight can not resolve their differences, females often have to intervene and removerocks in their hands – to strengthen their communities and to bring division and discord weakness and vulnerability.

From Emory University, Atlanta, GA studies, chimpanzees are also expected to perform the same tasks as a reward (sulking and refused to participate in any other, when others have received multiple awards), indicating a sense of justice and fairness. Also, they were often willing to help others (including humans) even if no reward.

When achimpanzees differs from social norms of behavior in the community, shall be punished collectively by the group (as shown by a group of chimpanzees in the zoo in Arnhem in the Netherlands that chimpanzees, who arrived late for lunch, because no punishment eat until all present).

Moreover, like humans, chimpanzees do not remember who favors (for example, hair) and make mistakes. They are more likely to share food with age. At the same time, the chimpanzees'ability to forgive, as described in a passage by Frans de Waal, the recovery of the Primates (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1990) – "Nikki, the leader of the group, slapped her during a load Hennie Hennie, a young man. adult females of nine years, sits apart for a while 'with my hand feeling the stain on the back of the neck, where Nikkie hit while she seems to forget the incident. They lie on the grass, looking much more. 15 minutes afterHennie slowly gets up and goes directly to a group that includes Nikkie … [Y] Nikkie pants up with a series of soft grunts. Then you get to offer the back of your hand to kiss Nikki. Nikkie kiss the hand is to take the whole hand rather unceremoniously into his mouth Hennie. This contact is followed by a kiss from mouth to mouth. "

Moreover, chimpanzees are capable of performing altruistic acts, but most are limited to cases where otheractively seeking help. Some examples are:

1. When Knuckles was born in 1999 with cerebral palsy, a debilitating condition (5,000 to 10,000, which affects children a year in the U.S.) affects mobility (before treatment, sits down and eats only when they feed), was introduced for other chimpanzees housed at the Center for Great Apes, Wauchula, Florida, and a sanctuary for orangutans, chimpanzees, who were aware of their condition. They always treated withgoodness and sweetness (eg, spending time to be with him, play with him, and toilet).

2. For a scientist discovers the origins of morality in primate behavior by Nicholas Wade (The New York Times, March 20, 2007), "Chimpanzees, who can not swim, drowned in zoo moats trying to save the other," and often " losing the console "after a fight between two fighters.

3. A study conducted by Felix Warneken and colleagues at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology inLeipzig, Germany, June 27, 2007 published in the journal New Scientist (chimps may display genuine altruism of Nora Schultz) found that 67% of semi-wild chimpanzees helped a stranger caring humans who have struggled to reach a stick, even if had to climb to 2 ½ m rope without reward. In addition, another group of chimps learned to open a door chain and unpeg for chimpanzees do not know if, when he tried to openthe door without success.

4. A study by Japanese researchers at the Institute of Primate Research, Kyoto University (Kyoto, Japan), published in National Geographic (chimpanzees display similar to the good man, October 19, 2009) found that chimpanzees trained to use sticks to retrieve straws (drinking juice) that were out of reach, use their training to help others who were not trained 75% of time is presented these chimps that are not familiar, in theassistance.

XI. War:

According to human behavior, chimpanzees (except bonobos) are fiercely territorial and can participate in a war, but struggle as primitive prehistoric. Although chimpanzees use stones or hands and feet in the first battle on the use of spears and other crude weapons can not be far behind. In rare cases, even chimpanzees have shown the same tendency as human beings hate, rapes, torture, mutilation and genocide(Documented in two certified cases).

The longest war of the chimpanzee – Gombe War (1974-1977), where the Community Kasekela divided into two groups (with the new group, the Kahama community, entering a new valley in 1972) and ended the genocide has been documented in chimpanzees Gombe, Jane Goodall (Belknap Press, 1986). Since 1974, the men form a group and advanced Kasekela Kahama territory. Once there, he launched an onslaught Kahamachimpanzees, with the intention of killing, as physical assault did not stop until their victims were fatally wounded and totally disabled. During the attacks that lasted until 1977, men Kasekela shows "considerable excitement and pleasure," as they move actively capture and kill their victims (who have been mutilated and eaten or partially eaten cannibalistically). Gombe war made complete when the community was completely wiped Kahama and their lands taken by theKasekela community.

Wired for war? (World Scientific, February 2005), in August 1998 "Researchers in Uganda [saw] a group of male chimpanzees fight and arrogant throughout the body just killed another male chimpanzee. The trachea, nails, [nails], and testes were broken. "To the Monkey War … is in our genes? Chimpanzee death "was [also] range 30-40 puncture wounds and lacerations [with her] ribs out of the rib cage." Based on the wishes of the deceasedwounded, "it became clear that some men had been kept, while the other attack."

In general, when chimpanzees engage in a war, a group of men hidden in the territory of another community and find single men or older women (and sometimes their children) to attack. According to the human hunter-gatherers (the war is endemic, with 64% participation in the fight against two years of war … the great apes is in our genes?) Chimpanzees often fighting resources such as food andwomen – often to exploit and plunder the occupied territories. Ironically, human activities like logging, as reported May 13, 1997 issue of The New York Times are contributing to the wars of chimpanzees and their habitats are eliminated by forcing communities to take refuge in the territory of other communities.

XII. Laboratory research and ethical implications:

With evidence that chimpanzees and other apes are sentient beings (which improve the adaptability and survival)with human traits (eg, emotions such as stress and fear), the nervous system similar (allowing them to experience the same pain and suffering in terms of quality), and over 90% of the genetic code identical to the considerations requiring ethical research laboratory that uses the power of them as test subjects do not want to be banned, especially since these experiments have little or no tangible benefits.

A review of 749 published studies involving chimpanzees over a period of ten years1995-2004, as shown in experiments in chimpanzees: dubious contributions to biomedical progress by Andrew Knight (AATEX, 6 th World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Use in Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan, 21-25 ag 2007) found that only 14.7% of these experiments used "well-developed methods for combating human diseases" and especially "no study of chimpanzees provides an essential contribution, or in most cases, any significant contribution."

For non-human primatesMedical research: sensible or superfluous by Jarrod Bailey, Ph.D. (September 2006), "all areas of [non-human primates (NHP)] The research provides evidence against its use," based on scientific evidence below:

1. NHPs do not develop AIDS when infected with HIV, the experimental results can not be extrapolated to humans with confidence [and] none of the vaccines tested PSN achieved in humans [despite billions of dollars].

2. NHP experiments have not been able to contribute to[Understanding] Hepatitis (VPH), [vaccine development], and to understand the hepatocellular damage.

3. NHP models have failed to inform us of Alzheimer's [because Alzheimer's is not].

4. Fundamental differences in symptoms and pathology of Parkinson's disease among humans and SNP.

5. From about 150 drugs for the shooting had happened in animals (often NHP), none has been successful in humans.

6. Hormone replacement therapyfound effective against heart disease and stroke increased the risk NHPs in humans.

7. There are significant differences in viral infection and disease among humans and SNP.

8. Expression of the genes when it comes to disease (for example, 20 of 333 genes involved in human cancers are different in the NDP) is very different from the common to only 20% of proteins between humans and SNP.

Although research on chimpanzees and apes is banned in many other countriesalways performed in the U.S., despite the protections of the health of the chimpanzees improvement, maintenance and protection.

Perhaps the most convincing argument to ban the use of chimpanzees as test subjects in laboratories is a study that found that survivors of laboratory chimps suffered similar levels of disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (which can be long term and whose symptoms include but are not limited to anger, fear, depression, anxiety, etc.), as human beingsvictims of torture. Limited laboratory chimpanzees (often in a cage, isolated environments, unpredictable as they have no control) are involved in the risk of serious physical and mental, are forced to undergo the mutilation. Survey reveals undercover cruelty of chimpanzees in research labs (the Humane Society of the United States, March 4, 2009), "screaming like monkeys are forced to leave their mothers … Chimpanzees have an intense fear. .. When forced to movein [ago] in their cages release [and a chimpanzee, but siafu] sought to defend the staff [help] Crude begging gestures. "

When the British government banned the use of chimpanzees for research in 1986, said Steve Connor, science editor of The arrest independent research center of chimpanzees, scientists say (March 27, 2001), which was voted "one question of morality. The cognitive and behavioral [sic] characteristics and qualities of these animals means that it is immoraltreat them as input for the search. "It is not surprising that the EU is moving toward a ban on using chimpanzees in laboratories.

For Connor, "the development of new techniques of genetic engineering, which allowed many" models "of human diseases, which were created using [GM] rats and mice, has undermined the case for use of chimpanzees in medical research" as a high cost in terms of dollars, the pain and suffering, and ethics.

XIII. Legal precedents forKind of practice of human rights:

As required by the ban on expanding research on chimpanzees, governments and courts to establish legal precedents that recognize their special status above all for his self-awareness and the ability to imagine himself in the physical and mental, demonstrating a high level of complexity of abstract thinking, in particular in humans.

In 1986, Britain became the first country to ban experimentation on chimpanzees and other primates. NewZealand Parliament continued in 1999 with the Netherlands and Australia to do the same in 2002 and 2003, respectively.

In September 2005, Bahia, Brazil court presided over by Judge Edmundo Lucio da Cruz granted habeas corpus protection of a chimpanzee 23 years, suicide in a cell to be transferred in a cage in a zoo with a little intellectual stimulation sanctuary where he could enjoy a social life (with 35 other chimpanzees), the possibility of increasinga family, and open spaces. So, Suica, which are not found in the shrine, died suddenly became the first animal known as a legal entity.

In June 2008 the Spanish parliament approved a resolution establishing a precedent for granting human rights to chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, orangutans and affirming that these non-human hominids should have the right to life, liberty and physical integrity is protected against torture.

In December 2009, as reported byUniversity World News (December 20, 2009), "the prohibition of use of great apes such as chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and orangutans of evidence [was] widely accepted" by the European Parliament and the Council of European ministers subject to possible changes in the text for 'final approval.

XIV. Conclusion:

Based on the cognitive abilities of chimpanzees note that exceptionally close and near humans and growing scientific evidence, it is essential that they andother sentient creatures (such as apes, dolphins) will offer protection to recognize their special status – namely, that the prisoner does not make sense in the conservation of the species. When detention is necessary, it is essential to give them intellectual stimulation and deserve respect, individuality is an honor, and, above all, the laws will be enacted to prohibit its use as guinea pigs ready useless torture, pain and suffering.

_______

[1] T.Matsuno and M. Tomonaga. One of the benefits of concave shape in the perception of chimpanzees. (Institute of Primate Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan. March 3, 2007).

[2] Chimpanzees, as artists. Artists Ezine. December 29, 2009. http://www.artistsezine.com/WhyChimp.htm

Further reference:

Chimpanzees. Global Action Network. (Montreal, Canada. 2005). December 26, 2009. http://www.gan.ca/animals/chimpanzees.en.html

Cover Meter Concrete

Chimpanzees – Towards Human Rights and its

July 6th, 2011 | Author: Baroll

Cover Meter ConcreteChimpanzees – Towards Human Rights and its

As scientists collect data, chimpanzees are similar to humans. They are sentient beings, aware of the cognitive abilities and a strong proven ability to communicate, reason, express emotions, adapt, and even to manipulate and deceive. With the genetic material of 98.5% identical to that of humans, chimpanzees are more similar to those of gorillas. Therefore, there are serious ethical implications of chimpanzees in captivity and their use in laboratory experiments. It is less than onereview of chimpanzees:

Chimpanzees live in areas including 21 African countries, including grasslands, savannas and dry tropical forests. They often live in communities 20 to 100 members. Two existing species of chimpanzees – the common chimpanzee (which has four subspecies) and the bonobo (also known as "pygmy chimpanzees") The first is maintained on a diet of fruit and meat, second only to fruit. Its half-life is between 40-50 years. Chimpanzees arecurrently listed as threatened mainly by deforestation and poaching.

I. brain size / structure / Nervous System

The chimps have a brain and nervous system comparable to that of a human being. They learn quickly, have the ability to produce creative responses, expressing their emotions (through sounds, gestures and facial expressions), the influence of his environment, and to share the pain experience of quality in spite of the cerebral cortex, is about 1 / 3 the size of thathumans.

Chimpanzee brain weighs an average of 437 g compared to 1.3 kg for the average man. By comparing brain size to body size – the encephalization quotient (EQ), the brains of chimpanzees that receives an average of 2.49 (7.44 and 5.31 the third equalization to be half human and the dolphin, the monkey is to fourth place in 2.09). This indicates a high level of cognitive ability.

Humans and chimpanzees engage in the same sleep patterns. This includes the stages of rapid eye movement (REM)sleep, indicating both are likely capable of dreaming.

II. Social Setting:

Chimpanzees are exceptionally social, consistent with humans, other great apes, dolphins and other creatures displaying high levels of intelligence.

They spend equal amounts of time on land and in trees (where they build nests to sleep, though some chimpanzees in the Fongoli savannah in southeast Senegal spend time in caves) and move from territory to territory foraging for food. Although a typical community can number up to 100, chimpanzees often spend time in smaller parties; mothers and their dependent children, though refuse to separate. Each chimpanzee family (to which individuals have strong bonds) is headed by an alpha or dominant male (bonobos, though are led by females) that leads them in hunting, territorial protection, and war. Each community is hierarchical in nature where strength and intelligence bring added respect. Females are the only gender that move freely between communities.

Chimpanzees enjoy prefer sharing rewards with a companion. A study by Alicia Melis at the Ngamba Island Chimpanzee Sanctuary in Uganda documented in Altruism ‘in-built’ in humans by Helen Briggs (BBC News, 3 March 2006) found that chimpanzees recognize and value the importance of collaboration. When such collaboration was necessary in an experiment that required the simultaneous pulling of two ends of a rope to obtain a tray of food, chimpanzees consistently selected the optimal partner, which in Melis’ words “was a level of understanding [only seen in] humans.”

Within their communities, chimpanzees maintain intricate social networks where touching, grooming (which creates calm and strengthens friendships), and embracing are important aspects in preserving cohesiveness. Play is also an important part of a chimpanzee’s life, especially among males when they are young.

Chimpanzees are among the few species that teach their young skills and culture (which is transferred between communities by females relocating between groups). Young chimpanzees between 6 and 8 years of age (primarily taught by their mothers) spend much of their time learning the social skills, community’s culture, and tool making through observation, imitation, and repetitious practice. At the same time, though, studies per Recent studies illustrate which traits humans and apes have in common – and which they don’t (Anne Casselman, Smithsonian.com, 11 October 2007) indicate “human children have much more sophisticated skills… dealing with imitating another’s solution to a problem, communicating non-verbally and reading the intentions [of] others.”

The typical chimpanzee pregnancy lasts 8 months. Young chimpanzees are weaned from their mothers by three years of age, and reach puberty threes years later. For chimpanzees, puberty lasts three years.

When it comes to treatment of their dead, chimpanzees often pay frequent visits to view and grieve over the deceased’s body. Afterwards, they cover it with leaves and branches before moving on.

III. Multi-modal Sensory Perception:

Chimpanzees and humans utilize five senses (sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch) to perceive the world around them. Sight and smell, two critical senses utilized by chimpanzees are discussed below.

The morphological and anatomical structure of a chimpanzee’s eye is similar to that of humans. Likewise their vision is also similar. As a result, unlike most non-primate mammals that are dicromats (their color vision is based on two colors), primates (including chimpanzees and humans), are trichromatic. When their retinal nerves capture light, their brain utilizes three fixed wavelengths/colors to create a rich, colored environment. As a consequence for their similar morphological and anatomical eye structure and visual processing, chimpanzees can suffer from some of the same impairments as humans (e.g. Lucky, a male chimpanzee in Japan suffers from color blindness).

Chimpanzees have an excellent sense of smell, which plays a critical role in their social interactions. Aside from facial recognition, chimpanzees use smell to identify each other and enhance their understanding of another’s mood since each emits a distinctive odor based on pheromones that can be found in their feces, urine, and glandular secretions.

Aside from sight and smell, chimpanzees also rely on hearing (utilizing a similar auditory range as humans), and to a lesser extent, touch and taste. It should be noted that chimpanzees, like humans, if given a choice, prefer sweets.

IV. Shape Recognition:

Studies have shown chimpanzees, like humans are “more sensitive to concave deformation (important for constructing three-dimensional objects) than convex deformation.” They also view shapes and mentally process two-dimensional objects in the same manner as humans.[1]

Based on this similarity and the similar structure of their eye and visual processing abilities, it is likely chimpanzees can match simple and complex shapes. More research, though, needs to be done in this area.

V. Mirror Self Recognition (MSR):

The ability to possess sentience/self-awareness (to think about oneself in the physical and mental realms) illustrates a complex level of abstract thinking that uncommon among animals. Chimpanzees possess this self-awareness and are capable of symbolic thought.

Studies have shown chimpanzees can recognize themselves in a mirror and are aware of their own behavior and body. During MSR tests, chimpanzees showed they possess selective attention (they can pay attention to themselves in a mirror, aware they are viewing themselves instead of another animal). When chimpanzees were marked with non-toxic odorless red dye on one eyebrow and the opposite ear, they went to a mirror and carefully examined the markings on their bodies. Scientific evidence also indicates that chimpanzees and other great apes possess to some degree, “theory of other minds,” in which they recognize individuals have their own beliefs. It is also highly probable that chimpanzees like dolphins and humans, can discern the difference between reality and television.

VI. Language/Communication and Emotions:

Although chimpanzees lack the vocal cords, ability to talk and make a sound for every object as humans, they communicate through sounds (e.g. barking, hooting, screaming, etc.), facial expressions (which require extensive attention to detail or viewing more than one aspect of a facial expression so that subtleties of meaning, which are not always obvious, are interpreted correctly), posturing, and gestures (with hands, feet, and limbs). Although the majority of chimpanzee sounds are related to a specific emotion, some can be associated with more than one emotion. In addition, each chimpanzee, for identification reasons, has its own distinct calls consistent with humans and dolphins having their own distinct voices and sounds, respectively.

Chimpanzees utilize intentional communication to meet individual and group needs and to convey their feelings, which are an essential part of their social behavior. Certain communication behaviors are passed down through generations.

A brief summary of several chimpanzee emotions and their associated sounds is listed below:

1. Anger: Waa (bark)
2. Distress: Hoo
3. Enjoyment of body contact: Lip smack
4. Enjoyment of food: Aah
5. Enjoyment/Excitement: Pant (hoot)
6. Fear: Wraa or Pant (bark)
7. Hostility: Screaming

A brief summary of chimpanzee emotions and their associated facial expressions is also listed below:

1. Aggression: Display of teeth in a wide open mouth with erect facial hairs
2. Fear/Distress: Display of teeth with lips pulled back horizontally
3. Intense Fear: Full open grin
4. Playful: Slightly open mouth in a relaxed position
5. Pouting/Begging: Puckered lips as if offering a kiss
6. Submission: Horizontal puckered lips

Chimpanzees communicate about “what,” “where,” and “who” but the past or the future. Their communication is instantaneous based on the present. However, per Deborah Fouts, co-director of the Chimpanzee and Human Communication Institute reported by Brandon Keim, Chimps: Not Human, But Are They People? (Wired Science, 14 October 2008), “They do remember the past [and can] understand the concept that something will happen later.”

Chimpanzees are also capable of understanding American Sign Language (ASL) gestures, and can learn associations between symbols, sounds, and objects without specific reinforcement or direct intervention. In the early 1970s, Washoe, a female chimpanzee followed by four other chimpanzees learned 100+ signs. Presently, Washoe can use up to 240 signs and even taught her adopted son ASL without human intervention.

Another female chimpanzee, Lucy, even recognized that word order makes a difference when her trainer signed to tickle him, instead following her request to tickle her. However, it is unlikely that chimpanzees can conceptualize virtual reality from sounds and symbols as people do.

However, per Valerie A. Kuhlmeier and Sarah T. Boysen, Chimpanzees Recognize Spatial and Object Correspondences Between a Scale Model and Its Referent (Psychological Science, Vol. 13, Issue 1, 19 March 2002), chimpanzees like young children, “are sensitive to both object and spatial-relational correspondences between a model and its referent (a person or thing to which a linguistic expression (e.g. word, symbol) refers).”

Facial recognition is another important part of communication. Consistent with humans, chimpanzees exhibit species-specific face recognition, more readily discriminating between chimpanzee faces than those of other species. However, chimpanzee infants that receive significant exposure to human faces are better at discriminating between human faces. Per Julie Martin-Malivel and Kazunori Okada in Human and chimpanzee face recognition in chimpanzees: Role of exposure and impact on categorical perception (Psycnet, American Psychological Association, December 2007) “exposure is a critical determinant in conspecific and nonconspecific face recognition. Furthermore, per Development of face recognition in infant chimpanzees (Masako Myowa-Yamakoshi, et. al. Science Direct. 20 December 2005) chimpanzee babies, consistent with human newborns, prefer to study facial patterns over non-facial patterns as they develop during their earliest days.

Chimpanzees are generally affectionate creatures that show emotions towards their own as well as other species. They show concern for ill or injured members, mourn the deceased (to the point that a healthy young male died of a broken heart a few weeks after the death of his mother), show excitement and joy when playing, as well as fear and concern. Consistent with humans, chimpanzees possess emotions that last for a short duration and moods that can last for longer durations. Furthermore, studies show baby chimpanzees have the same emotional range as human babies, but better self-control when it comes to uncontrollable crying. The only human emotion chimpanzees do not appear to possess is spite.

VII. Memory:

Chimpanzees have excellent memory systems. They can memorize faces, symbols and numbers, and learn specific behaviors that can result in either adverse or rewarding experiences.

Consistent with humans, chimpanzees retain a better memory of events that elicit emotions than those, which are neutral.

Chimpanzees also possess exceptional spatial memory, which per Chimps mentally map fruit trees (Matt Walker, BBC News, 6 August 2009) enables them to remember the exact location of “a single tree among more than 12,000 others within a patch of forest.” Per Forest chimpanzees remember the location of numerous fruit trees (Emmanuelle Normant, Simone Dagui Ban, and Christophe Boesch, Animal Cognition, 31 May 2009) such spatial memory “allows [chimpanzees] to remember the location of numerous resources and use this information to select the most attractive resources.”

In addition, chimpanzees can also make plans (debunking earlier thoughts that only humans are capable such future planning). Since 1997, Santino, a male chimp at a zoo north of Stockholm, Sweden, while calm, has repeatedly created arsenals of stones to throw at spectators for a future “dominance display.” More impressively, he even figured out how to detect and break off weak pieces of concrete in his enclosure to add to his cache.

VIII. Tools and Problem Solving:

Chimpanzees and other great apes are effective users of crude tools (e.g Fongoli savannah chimpanzees use spears to hunt and kill bushbabies (a nocturnal primate), Congo chimpanzees use a toolkit comprised of thin “brush-tipped” sticks and leaf blades to “fish” for termites, and large clubs to break open bee hives to attain honey, Nimba Mountain (Guinea) chimpanzees use wooden cleavers, stabilizing wedges and stone anvils to crack open and chop up Treculia fruits; all utilize crumpled leaves as sponges to soak drinking water from tree hollows). In fact they have been using tools for more than 4300 years based on a discovery of stone tools (similar in size and dimension to tools used by today’s chimpanzees) utilized to smash nuts (linked to species eaten by modern chimpanzees) in Tai National Park, Ivory Coast. Furthermore, ill or injured chimpanzees often rely on medicinal or herbal plants as a remedy for healing and/or to alleviate their pain and suffering.

Analogous with tool use, chimpanzees can also reason and solve problems. Through the use of abstract reasoning, they, like humans can solve problems without training (e.g. retrieve bananas that are out of reach through purposeful logic).

When it comes to mathematics, specifically remembering numbers, young chimpanzees have outperformed college students (when the numbers stayed on a screen for.4 of a second versus.7 of second when both performed comparably) and a British memory champion, Ben Pridmore. Based on I’m the champion! Ape trounces the best of the human world in memory competition (Fiona Macrae, Mail Online, 26 January 2008), Amyumu, a 7 year-old male chimpanzee in Japan performed three times as well as Pridmore when it came to remembering the positions of numbers on a computer screen.

IX. Art and Culture:

When given the proper tools (e.g. paint, paint brushes, and canvas) chimpanzees possess the talent to be exceptional artists whose abstract paintings rival some of the masters. Congo (1954-1964), a male chimpanzee painted over 400 abstracts from the age of 2 to 4 years, after picking up a pencil and drawing a line without human prodding. During a 2005 auction, three of Congo’s paintings went for £14,400 while a painting by Andy Warhol (1928-1987) and a small sculpture by French Master Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1841-1919) generated insufficient interest and were withdrawn.[2] Since Congo, other chimpanzees have followed, producing equally impressive works (e.g. a female chimpanzee, Melody, creates paintings that sell for between 00 for individuals and 00 for triptychs and a notable three year-old female chimpanzee, Asuka, has already created 90 paintings, some of which have been exhibited in Tokyo galleries).

Chimpanzees have an innate ability to discern and enjoy music. Based on scientific studies involving infant chimpanzees (reported by the BBC on July 30, 2009), they, like humans, prefer consonant over dissonant music. Furthermore, when music was played to lift the spirits of chimpanzees at Mysore zoo in southern India, one who had previously performed at a circus, was observed dancing.

Chimpanzees also have preferences for television. Per Kate Baker, enrichment coordinator at the Yerkes Regional Primate Center, Atlanta, GA, as recounted in Unneeded Lab Chimps Face Hazy Future (David Berreby, The New York Times, 4 February 1997), they enjoy National Geographic shows, programs about chimpanzees and the use of tools, and shows featuring people arguing.

X. Altruism/Morality:

Chimpanzees and other great apes possess a sense of morality and fairness, despite acts of barbarism during combat. Per Monkeys and apes know right from wrong, scientists say (Daily Mail Reporter, 15 February 2009) they “offer selfless help and empathize with fellow animals in times of trouble [and] even appear to have consciences and the ability to feel a sense of obligation.” Consistent with this empathy and selflessness, female chimpanzees mirror human behavior, playing an integral role to mediate conflicts; if two male combatants cannot resolve their differences, the females often step in and remove rocks from their hands – likely to strengthen their community since division and discord bring weakness and vulnerability.

Per Emory University, Atlanta, GA studies, chimpanzees also expect equal rewards for performing the same tasks (they sulked and refused to participate any further when others received greater rewards), indicative of a sense of justice and fairness. Furthermore, they were often willing to assist others (including humans) even when there was no reward.

When a chimpanzee deviates from the community’s social code of conduct it is punished collectively by the group (as illustrated by a group of chimpanzees at the Arnhem Zoo in the Netherlands that punished chimpanzees that showed up late for dinner since none ate until all were present).

In addition, similar to humans, chimpanzees remember who did them favors (e.g. groomed them) and who did them wrong. They are more likely to share food with the former. At the same time, chimpanzees possess the ability to forgive as described in a passage in Frans de Waal’s book, Peacemaking among Primates (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1990) – “Nikki, the leader of the group, has slapped Hennie during a passing charge. Hennie, a young adult female of nine years, sits apart for a while feeling with her hand the spot on the back of the neck where Nikkie hit her. Then she seems to forget about the incident; she lies down in the grass, staring in the distance. More than 15 minutes later, Hennie slowly gets up and walks straight to a group that includes Nikkie… [and] approaches Nikkie with a series of soft pant grunts. Then she stretches out her arm to offer Nikkie the back of her hand for a kiss. Nikkie’s hand-kiss consists of taking Hennie’s whole hand rather unceremoniously into his mouth. This contact is followed by a mouth-to-mouth kiss.”

Furthermore, chimpanzees also have the ability to perform altruistic acts even if most are limited to cases where another actively seeks help. Examples are as follows:

1. When Knuckles who was born in 1999 with cerebral palsy, a debilitating condition (that afflicts 5,000-10,000 babies per year in the United States) that impairs mobility (prior to therapy, he would sit in place and only eat when fed), was introduced to other chimpanzees housed at the Center for Great Apes, Wauchula, FL, a sanctuary for orangutans and chimpanzees, they were cognizant of his condition. They consistently treated him with kindness and gentleness (e.g. spending time sitting with him, playing with him, and grooming him).

2. Per Scientist Finds the Beginnings of Morality in Primate Behavior by Nicholas Wade (The New York Times, 20 March 2007), “Chimpanzees, who cannot swim, have drowned in zoo moats trying to save others,” and often “console the loser” after a fight between two combatants.

3. A study by Felix Warneken and his colleagues at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany published in the June 27, 2007 issue of New Scientist (Chimps may display genuine altruism by Nora Schultz) found that 67% of semi-wild chimpanzees altruistically assisted an unfamiliar human who had been struggling to reach a stick even though they had to climb a 2½-meter rope with no reward. In addition, another group of chimpanzees, taught to unpeg a chain and open a door, consistently did so for chimpanzees whom they were unfamiliar with, when they attempted to open the door without success.

4. A study by Japanese researchers at Kyoto University’s Primate Research Institute (Kyoto, Japan) published in National Geographic (Chimps Display Humanlike Good Will, 19 October 2009) found that chimpanzees trained to use sticks to retrieve straws (to drink juice) that were out of reach, utilized their training to assist others that had not been trained 75% of the time when these chimpanzees, whom they were unfamiliar with, appeared to request assistance.

XI. Warfare:

Consistent with human behavior, chimpanzees (with the exception of bonobos) are fiercely territorial and may engage in war albeit primitive combat analogous to prehistoric man. Even though chimpanzees use rocks or their hands and feet in raw combat, the day of using spears and other crude weapons may not be far behind. At isolated times, chimpanzees have also displayed the same tendencies as humans for hate, rape, torture, mutilation, and genocide (documented in two certified cases).

The longest Chimpanzee war – the Gombe War (1974-1977), which originated when the Kasekela Community split into two groups (with the new group, the Kahama community, moving into a new valley in 1972) and ended in genocide was documented by Jane Goodall in The Chimpanzees of Gombe (Belknap Press, 1986). Starting in 1974, the Kasekela males formed a group and advanced into Kahama territory. Once there, they initiated violent aggression against the Kahama chimpanzees with the intent to kill since bodily assaults did not cease until their victims were completely incapacitated and mortally injured. During the attacks that lasted into 1977, the Kasekela males displayed “considerable excitement and enjoyment” as they anticipated capturing and actively killed their victims (who were mutilated and cannibalistically eaten or partially eaten). The Gombe War only ended when the Kahama community was completely exterminated and their lands taken over by Kasekela community.